An essay discussing to which extent economic change during 1789-1939 was a factor in the changing nature of anti-Semitism.

An essay discussing to which extent economic change during 1789-1939 was a factor in the changing nature of anti-Semitism. The modern industrial age brought along with it a whole new school of thought, thought based on science and rationality rather than the waning belief in religion. The social and economic revolution also saw Jews in a new light, one in which they were not merely thought of as Jews, in the religious sense, but viewed now as a people with their own particular inherited characteristics. For this reason hating Jews for their religious beliefs became outdated as a more modern and racially based Jew-hatred took its place.Jew-hatred, in its older form, saw short temporary violence towards Jews. This is stark in contrast to modern anti-Semitism which, with its racial ideology, brought a more structured and sustained attack on the Jewish race. The grounds for this were based on the developed belief by anti-Semites that Jews were "an unwanted intruder, arrogant, skilled and power hungry" (P. Pulzer). A number of political parties with anti-Semitic policies formed during this period highlighting the fact that this new form of Jew-hating had permanent, long-lasting convictions.Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semiti...Before Jewish emancipation Jews were forced to live in ghettoes, secluded from the rest of society. Violence against them was brutal but not permanent enough to produce a reconstruction of the Jewish position in society. As Jews became viewed as a race with undesirable enduring characteristics they became persecuted in a way that sought an permanent end to the Jewish influence in modern day life. This raised a number of potential solutions among anti-Semites that considered the elimination of the Jewish race.The cause of these changes in the nature of anti-Semitism can be related to the economic circumstances during this period; however this was not the only cause of this change. Other factors including the increased value of science, the growth of nationalistic ideas among European...

Free Essays on American Adam

Thoreau’s position on the West was a dichotomous one in comparison to Emerson’s. While he was in agreement with Emerson about the power and the pull of nature and the innate human need to be a part of it, he condemned the idea of conquering and taming the wilderness. In his most popular work, Walden, Thoreau was building upon the transcendentalist view that the mind is the true frontier. Starting in 1845, he moved onto Emerson’s land at Walden Pond and for â€Å"two years, two months, and two days† he lived a simple and self-sustained life (Woodlief) While there he kept detailed journals which were published as, Walden, in 1854. In Walden, he gives the reason for his stay in the woods, â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and to see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived† (Thoreau 1692). Such reasoning is evidenc e that he too was calling into question the societal values of his day while searching for true meaning in a sort of pioneer experience. While at Walden Pond he realized, or rather criticized his society, â€Å"The nation itself with all its so called internal improvements, which, by the way, are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up with its own traps ruined by luxury and heedless expense . . . and the only cure for it as for them is in a rigid economy, a stern and more than Spartan simplicity of life and elevation of purpose† (Thoreau 1692-93). In effect it seems as if the idea of pioneering and simplicity in the natural world had become his â€Å"safety valve† in the face of â€Å"progress† and growth of the government and nation. Of course, it must be said again that the major idea of the frontier was in the cultivation of simplicity of the transcendental mind,... Free Essays on American Adam Free Essays on American Adam Thoreau’s position on the West was a dichotomous one in comparison to Emerson’s. While he was in agreement with Emerson about the power and the pull of nature and the innate human need to be a part of it, he condemned the idea of conquering and taming the wilderness. In his most popular work, Walden, Thoreau was building upon the transcendentalist view that the mind is the true frontier. Starting in 1845, he moved onto Emerson’s land at Walden Pond and for â€Å"two years, two months, and two days† he lived a simple and self-sustained life (Woodlief) While there he kept detailed journals which were published as, Walden, in 1854. In Walden, he gives the reason for his stay in the woods, â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and to see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived† (Thoreau 1692). Such reasoning is evidenc e that he too was calling into question the societal values of his day while searching for true meaning in a sort of pioneer experience. While at Walden Pond he realized, or rather criticized his society, â€Å"The nation itself with all its so called internal improvements, which, by the way, are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up with its own traps ruined by luxury and heedless expense . . . and the only cure for it as for them is in a rigid economy, a stern and more than Spartan simplicity of life and elevation of purpose† (Thoreau 1692-93). In effect it seems as if the idea of pioneering and simplicity in the natural world had become his â€Å"safety valve† in the face of â€Å"progress† and growth of the government and nation. Of course, it must be said again that the major idea of the frontier was in the cultivation of simplicity of the transcendental mind,...

What led to US military action in the Vietnam Research Paper

What led to US military action in the Vietnam - Research Paper Example China would continue to rule there for the next 1,000 years, until 939 AD when Vietnam would regain some measure of independence (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs). Following this, two families fought for control of the country, and civil war was common until the late 18th century (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs). A peasant revolt in 1802 again unified the country under one governor, but was beaten down by an emperor who ruled as Gia Long (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs). The Vietnamese, by the time of the entry of American troops into their country, were most likely used to seeing foreigners in their country. The Americans, however, were still about 150 years away. First were the French in 1855, which ruled Vietnam as a colony, along with Cambodia and Laos, and called it French Indochina (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs). The emperor of Vietnam remained in the country at Hue and was given very limited authority, but that was all (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs). In 1919, a young man known as Ho Chi Minh joined the French Socialist Party, and became fascinated by the teachings of V.I. Lenin (Lawrence). Lenin, while adamant that full-blown Communist revolution could only occur in countries with high industrialization, encouraged agrarian societies to form small cells of communist supporters (Lawrence). Ho Chi Minh not only believed in this principle, but believed that it formed a road map for him to carry out revolution and free Vietnam from colonial rule forever (Lawrence). The path to the Vietnam War had, in some ways, begun with his thoughts. Vietnam faced further occupation during World War II. The Japanese entered and quickly took over for France, forcing them to concede French Indochina (Lawrence). In the confusion of the final year of the war, Ho Chi Minh took advantage of the opportunity to bring his party to the forefront of politics by relieving a famine and feeding the starving masses of Vietnamese

The Piano Lession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Piano Lession - Essay Example Berniece is very stalwart in upholding family traditions. She has been very close to her father. She and her father had developed an obsession for the piano. Berniece’s perspective on piano shows her being very keen to preserve the past of her family. She resents racism too but protests against it within the limits of reasonability. The piano has the carving of her family’s history in the shape of pictures, blood and tears. These are invaluable for Berniece and she does not want to let go any part of that. In her point of view, her father stole the piano because he wanted to get close to the engravings that were on it. It shows that she has great love and respect for her family’s past and history. She also respects the feelings of her ancestors. She acts as a guard for her family’s past. She does not want the piano to be sold and thinks that her father would have approved her intentions. Berniece is a cleaning lady and she accepts the world the way it is. She has lost her husband and she blames Boy Willie for that. She has lost very much and all she is left with is the pleasant memories of the past. She chose to live close to the piano just like her mother, Mama Ola. She goes through almost the same type of tragedy that her mother had faced. She loves her mother very much which is shown by her cleaning of Mama Ola’s picture with love (Act 1, Scene 1, Part 1). Her decision of not agreeing to sell the piano shows that she is very attached to the memories of the past and the legacy of her family. She is so much attached to her past that she does not heed to the offer of Avery to court her (Act 2, Scene 2). She does not want her daughter, Maretha, to suffer from a similar nostalgia which is why she has not told her anything about what the carvings on the piano mean (Act 2, Scene 5). Boy Willie wants to sell the antique piano to buy the land in which his ancestors worked as slaves. His perspective on the piano describes his nature. He shows utter disregard for the family traditions. He thinks that if he sells the piano and is able to purchase the Sutter’s land, he would avenge his father and live at the â€Å"top† of life. His father was also as reckless as he is. He thinks that if he is able to sell the piano, his father’s wishes would be immortalized. It also suggests that his father is somewhat responsible for instilling a rash behavior in him. He looks at the piano as an object that can fulfill his desire to become rich. He thinks that his father would have done the same (Act 1, Scene 2, Part II). He does not care about what his family wants and upholds. He completely rejects the wishes of sister, Berniece. His decision to sell the piano shows his negative approach towards life which has made him a person who looks at easy ways to get rich rather than by working hard. Boy Willie thinks that the only way to stand neck to neck with the white people is to become wealthy. This is a common belief among the suppressed races of the world that they can get respect if they become wealthy. Boy Willie thinks that the white people have no right to look down on him and must treat him with respect. He can get his due respect by becoming rich and selling the piano is his only chance at that. He is a person who has received a lot of mental suffering due to the racism between blacks and whites. He has a lot of hatred for white people. His father worked for the white people all his life. He holds the

Public Adminstration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Adminstration - Essay Example Among several issues like the history of a government, its form and reform, stands the topic on governmental organizations and classifications, on which a number of authors have written. Among these outstanding authors is Luther Gulick in his 'Notes on the Theory of Organization' (1937). This discussion focuses on the component parts of Gulick's ideas relative to organizational classification, how they interrelate and contribute to the whole. In chapter 3 of the, 'The Craft of Public Administration', George Berkley and John Rouse attempt an Anatomy of Public Organisation. 'The article on the Machinery of Government Reform: Principles and Practice', (:Machinery of Government Reform Principles and Practice.htm) quotes the Haldane Report of 1918 on the 'distribution of government activities between government departments.' In effect, the Report proposes ten divisions in government ranging from Finance to Justice, despite recognising impossibility in 'co-operation between Departments in dealing with business of common interest" (Haldane 1918: 16). Contrary to the Heldane report, the American Public Administrator and Educator, Luther Hasely Gulick, 1892 - 1992, proposed four criteria for allocating government activities: purposes, such as furnishing water or conducting education; processes (employed), such as engineering, medicine, carpentry: place, for example Hawaii, Bos

Treatment and Quality of Life of Heart Failure Patients

Treatment and Quality of Life of Heart Failure Patients Compliance to treatment and quality of life of Sudanese patients with heart failure Mugahed AL-khadhera,*,Imad Fadl-Elmulab ,Waled Amen Mohammed Ahmedc Abstract Background: Heart failure is known to decrease the quality of life, especially in non-compliance patients with regards to medications and life style changes. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the level of compliance to treatment and quality of life of Sudanese patients with heart failure. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 76 patients with heart failure admitted to the Sudan Heart Institute. Demographic and clinical data including the compliance (medication, sodium restriction, fluid restriction, daily weights, exercises, and appointment-keeping) were collected. The quality of life was measured using the Minnesota living with heart failure Questionnaire. The data were collected from all patients and the analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Results: Heart failure patients showed low compliance ranged between 11.84% and 75% of which the highest compliance was to medication (75%) followed by the follow-up appointments (71.05%), and the lowest compliances were to the fluids restrictions (11.84%), the weight monitoring (17.10%), regular exercise (21.05%), and the sodium restriction (27.6%). Quality of life score ranged between 62-97 score and the Mean (SD) 83.6 (7.82) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present study. Conclusion: The study showed that patients with heart failure in Sudan have low compliance to treatment and poor quality of life. Key words Heart Failure, Treatment Compliance, Quality of life, Sudan Introduction: Heart failure incidence increases with age, increase from approximately 20 per 1000 individuals with age 65 to 69-year-old to more than 80 per 1000 individuals aging 85-year-old (1). In fact few epidemiological data on heart failure in Sudan exists and the recognition of the disease as a major health issue remains questionable, the prevalent of heart failure accounts for 2.5% of the population, and hence it is one of the major causes of hospital mortality (2). The WHO defined adherence as extent a person’s behavior –taking drugs, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle modifications, follow the agreed recommendations from a health care providers (3). Poor compliance â€Å"noncompliance† usually refers to patients’ failure to follow health interventions as recommended by the health care provider, but it can also refer to the providers’ failure to act according to practice guidelines or standards of care(4). The factors affecting the compliance could be divided into patient-related factors, regimen-related factors, and health care providers-related factors (5). Non-compliance to medications and diet contributes in many cases to worsening heart failure symptoms. The compliance to prescribe medications or other caregivers recommendations such as lifestyle changes is a widely acknowledged problem leading to hospitalization ((6-8). The non-compliance of HF patients is a major problem and remains to be a continuous source of concern for patients. It is mainly for diet and fluid, daily weight and exercises (9). Quality of life (QOL) is defined as the individual’s unique cognition and a way to express feelings about his/her health status(10).Moreover, QOL is a good predictor of mortality and the need for hospitalization (11-13). Patients in class II and III heart failure of New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification cannot normally do their daily activities (9). Although, several studies on compliance of HF patients and their quality of life have been performed worldwide, to our knowledge this is the first ever study conducted in Sudanese HF patients, aimed to assess the compliance to treatment and quality of life in Sudanese patients with heart failure. Materials and Methods This descriptive study was conducted on 76 patients with heart failure admitted to the Sudan Heart Institute. A total of 76 Sudanese HF patients were randomly selected from Sudan Heart Institute in Khartoum, January-March 2014. The patients participated were above 20 years, confirmed diagnosed as heart failure by the cardiologist at least a month, already start HF treatment, in class II or III heart failure of NYHA, and with ability to communicate. The questionnaire consists of 36 questions of which 10 for demographic and clinical data, 5 questions for compliance, and 21 questions for quality of life. Demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records and/or by interviews. The demographic data included age, gender, educational level, and marital status, whereas clinical variables include left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), previous hospitalization in the past three months, and duration of HF. Revised HF Compliance Questionnaire was used (14), on a five-point scale (1=‘never’; 2= seldom; 3= half of the time; 4 =mostly; 5=‘always’) (15). the participant’s compliance to medications, diet, fluid restriction, exercise, weight, and appointment keeping was evaluated by asking patients to rate their compliance of the last week (drugs, diet modifications, fluid restriction, and exercises), the last month (daily weighing), and the last 3 months (appointment keeping) before hospitalization. The patients were divided into two groups; either compliant or noncompliant (16-19). Patients were considered ‘overall compliant’ the compliance with four or more of the six recommendations.(20) (Table 2). The quality of life data were collected and measured using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire after translated to Arabic language (9). This instrument used most widely to evaluate quality of life in research studies (21-24) .Which Contains 21 questions and overall score of 105 (521) with possible answers ranging from 0 (no) to 5 (very much), (0= no; 1= Very Little ; 2= little: 3= moderate; 4= much; 5= very much). The final score is the sum points obtained for the 21 questions; it can therefore vary between 0 and 105. It evaluates how heart failure affects patients ‘physical (8 questions), emotional (5 questions), and socioeconomic (8 questions) dimensions (25). The sum of responses reflects the overall effects of heart failure and treatments on individual’s quality of life (9). Data was presented using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean with standard deviation (SD) and P-value of ≠¤0.05 was considered statistically significant for relationship investigations. Ethical approval was obtained from Al Neelain Ethical committee at Al Neelain University. All patients signed an informed consent before participate in the study. Results The study showed that out the 76 patients, 63.2% were male and 36.8% were female; the mean age was 61.4  ±13.5 years. The education levels were 34.2% of patients were illiterate, 32.9% had completed primary school, 19.7% secondary school, and 13.2% had university graduation (Table 1). Although the vast majority of the patients were chronic patients with diagnosis for more than 5 years, the participant ask to define what is the heart failure? Only 24% had basic conscious about their disease, the remaining 76% of patients had no idea what the heart failure is. Overall compliance among the patients was 28.95%, whereas 71.5% of the patients were classified as non-compliant. Of those compliance with medication was 75% and 70% compliance with appointment-keeping. In general most patients showed low compliance with diet restriction (27%), exercise (21%), weighing (17%), and fluid restriction (11%) (Table2). The quality of life data showed that poor quality of life, the score ranged from 62-97 score /105, and the Mean (SD) quality of life was 3.2 (1.3) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present study .There is statistically significant in compliance and quality of life (p value= 0.002) in compression with patients who is noncompliant. Also statistically significant with improved NYHA classification, LVEF and quality of life (pTable 3). (Table.1): Demographic and clinical variables of the study population (n=76) in Sudan. (Table.2) Compliance (Medications, diet, Fluid restriction, Exercise, weight, and appointments keeping) in Sudan. (Table.3) Quality of life of heart failure patients in Sudan (N=76) Discussion The patients’ compliance in this study ranged between 11.84% and 75% of the patients. Although the differences in measurement instruments and differences in interventions, the result of the this study showed low compliance compared with other previous studies including knowledge of the patients about their illness, the hazard of high salt consumption, and the daily weighing. Study done by Baghianimoghadam MH, et al, reported that the disease knowledge in Iranian patients reached 38% (26), whereas our result showed that 76% of HF Sudanese Patients lack essential knowledge of their disease or what the heart failure is. According to definition of ‘overall compliance (16).The overall patients’ compliance of the present study was 28% compared with the study conducted by van der wal in which the overall compliance reached 72% of patients with HF(16). In the same study compliance with medication (98.6%), appointment keeping, salt restriction (79%), fluid restriction (73%), exercise (39%), and weighing (35%) where all higher compared with the results of the present study(16). Also the compliance level of present study is lower than Evangelista study which found higher levels of compliance more than 90% for (follow-up appointments, medications, smoking, and alcohol cessation), low compliance dietary 71% and exercise recommendations 53% (17). Medicati on compliance in the present study result is similar to the study done by kamlovi yayhd which found 74.7% that compliance to medication (27). This may be a reflection of lack of knowledge and training programs offered to HF patients in Sudan. The Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLWHFQ) showed that poor quality of life, the score ranged between 62-97 score /105, and the Mean (SD) quality of life was 83.6 (7.82) which reveled of poor quality of life in most of Sudanese patients with heart failure involved in the present study . It was also found that no correlation between age and quality of life (p value =0.925) ,this similar to study done by Kato N,et al (28), some studies found association between age and quality of life (29). We did not observe sex differences in quality of life ( p value =0.99 ), which similar to study done by Heo S, et al 2007 (29). But other studies have reported quality of life worse in female (30;31). Also we found marital status had no influence on QOL in our subjects (p value =0.34) , it is lower to study done by Luttik ML, which found differences in QoL between married patients and those living alone were most pronounced with regard to future expectations of QoL (6.5 vs 5.0, P=.00 (32). Our study shows there is statistically significant in duration of disease with QOL (p value =0.004), Also statistically significant with improved NYHA classification, LVEF and Quality of life (p In this study, the researcher found that total compliance was poor for HF Sudanese patients, compliance for drugs and appointments keeping were high but still in an unacceptable level. Compliance with diet, fluid restriction, activity and daily weighing was low. Also the study revealed that non-compliance negatively affects the quality of life of Sudanese HF patients. Based on result of present study, education and counseling are extremely needed to increased patients-knowledge about their disease, leading to more compliance and improvement of their quality of life.

Critical Analysis of War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy :: English Literature

Critical Analysis of War Photographer by Carol Ann Duffy In his darkroom he is finally alone with spools of suffering set out in ordered rows. The only light is red and softly glows, as though this were a church and he a priest preparing to intone a Mass. Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh. All flesh is grass. He has a job to do. Solutions slop in trays beneath his hands which did not tremble then though seem to now. Rural England. Home again to ordinary pain which simple weather can dispel, to fields which don't explode beneath the feet of running children in a nightmare heat. Something is happening. A stranger's features faintly start to twist before his eyes, a half-formed ghost. He remembers the cries of this man's wife, how he sought approval without words to do what someone must and how the blood stained into foreign dust. A hundred agonies in black-and-white From which his editor will pick out five or six for Sunday's supplement. The reader's eyeballs prick with tears between the bath and pre-lunch beers. From the aeroplane he stares impassively where he earns his living and they do not care. Carol Ann Duffy was born in Glasgow in 1955. She grew up in Staffordshire and went to university in Liverpool. Having spent some time in London as a freelance writer, she now lives in Manchester. She has won many prizes and several awards for her poetry. Her poems, she says, 'come from my everyday experience, my past/memory and my imagination. People and characters are fascinating to me'. Many of her poems are based on true experiences and real people. In the 1970s Carol Ann Duffy was friendly with Don McCullin, a famous photographer whose photographs of war were widely published and respected. Her poem, "War Photographer", (from Standing Female Nude, 1985), is based on conversations she had with him. The poem works on a very personal level - it is based on the authentic experience of a war photographer - and on a much wider level, saying something about the views and attitudes within our society concerning things that happen much further away. People are glad to distance themselves from the harsh realities of war whilst keeping themselves informed of, and superficially sympathetic to these real life situations. The structure of this poem supports this dichotomy in that there are two contrasting worlds: the world of war zones ("Belfast. Beirut. Phnom Penh.") and the calmer world of "Rural England". The war photographer is the man who goes between these two worlds. The safe world of England is signified by the cliche of a typical Sunday: "The bath and pre-lunch beers" while the horror of war is expressed through

Clayton College Of Natural Health Essay

This thesis is an exploratory study which investigates the phenomena of holistic healing through a phenomenological approach and the potential of this process to reveal the importance of relying on the client as the most important information resource. Using qualitative design, this research chronicles the experiences of people for their impressions regarding their healing experiences and their search for wellness through traditional medical and complementary therapies. Objective data will be collected to validate the nature of this research through the completion of self-assessment forms, in addition to a subjective inquiry into the energetic process of each client through the art and narratives of this researcher. The discoveries that will be produced during the course of this research is expected to reflect the numerous implications of the holistic healing process. 3. Statement of Purpose and Background Holistic healing is on the edge of mainstream scientific thought. It is contrary to the accepted view that we will always be able to find a specific cause for any given disease. Holistic healing was described by Pelletier (1997). For him, all states of health were psychosomatic, each person representing a unique interaction of body, mind, and spirit. Illness was a disturbance in the dynamic balance of these relationships. The client and the practitioner shared the responsibility for the healing and both creatively learned about themselves during the healing process. This study seeks to add valuable information about the growing phenomena of holistic health. It strives to explore the process of holistic healing. In the process of investigating the studies hypotheses, this study hopes to discover novel, unanticipated themes that help further our understanding of holistic healing. In spite of its importance as a central phenomenon in medicine, the word holistic healing is rarely used in nursing or medical literature unless the authors are describing some form of indigenous healing ritual or in the context of purely physiological healing. A holistic healing perspective would imply that healing is much more than physiological change. In spite of a thorough search of the literature, no studies have been found that relate directly to the focus to this study, the experience of holistic healing. The literature review is not the theoretical foundation on which the study is based, but it is represented in order to illustrate the current state of the relevant literature. The initial review established the appropriateness of this study. The majority of the review will be accomplished after the data will be analyzed and will be guided by the findings. Literature from both the initial review and the later review will be combined and the connections between the literature and the results of this study will be explored in the later chapters. Topics will also be discussed that might relate to the experience of healing, such as health status, recovery, and survival. In this related literature the independent variables such as social support, optimism, and hardiness are often well defined with reliable and valid measures. The dependent variables such as â€Å"being healthy, having minor health problems, suffering from chronic disease, being disabled, and being dead are treated as equally-spaced points on a continuum† (Hobroyd & Coyne, 1987, p. 364), and are not often well-defined or measured. Other measures sometimes defined as â€Å"healthy† are help seeking behaviours and compliance with medical recommendations. This research investigates these questions: 1. What does it mean to be holistically healthy? 2. What is the mechanism of the health creation process? Hence, this study hypothesized that: 1. Personal experiences will be a key contributing factor to participants` developing a holistic healing approach. 2. Participants will report healing experience with holistic health as key to developing their interests. This study assumes that holistic healing have an integrative theory that guides its process. Additionally, it assumes that holistic healing adhere to a theoretical orientation that promotes universal spiritual ideals as opposed to specific religious ones. The researcher believes that human existence is multidimensional. In addition, this study assumes that illness, whether physical, psychological or spiritual effect our all the levels of existence, body, mind, and spirit. Furthermore, the researcher believes those treatment regimens, regardless of the discipline of origin, increase their efficacy by addressing more of the levels-of-being thorough utilizing a holistic approach. Hence, involving human subjects in this research will be justified. 4. Subjects a. Subject Characteristics In this study a target number of ten participants will be chosen. Their ages range from 28-65. The participants are expected to come from a variety of occupations. Moreover, these participants are expected to demonstrate unique behaviors prior to surgery that appeared as if they might add important insight to the study. The researcher would like to have equal number of male and female participants (5 males and 5 females) to have an equal perspective from both genders. Further, in phenomenology it is important to choose participants who are able to speak with ease, express their feelings, and describe physical experiences (van Kaam, 1966). All the participants are expected to be verbal and expressive and should have little trouble discussing their healing experiences. b. Selection Criteria Participants to be chosen are those who: 1. had had recent surgery (first interviews will be conducted one week after hospital discharge); 2. were expected to return to their presurgical level of functioning. To insure that the participants would have a significant enough surgery to focus their attention on healing, they: 1. were in the hospital for at least three days; 2. were not expected to return to presurgical functioning for at least three weeks. Certain situations related to the surgery could have distracted the participants from focusing on healing. It was not assumed that these situations could not be healing experiences, but individuals with the following characteristics were not included: 1. external disfigurement from the surgery, beyond the incision; 2. an illness that was expected to be fatal. c. Special Populations No special group will be used in this study. d. Recruitment Source There are three surgeons known to the researcher that are the sources and they will be contacted by telephone and then by letter (see Appendix A). Nurses in surgical practice will also be contacted for help. Through the researcher’s own private practice she had many contacts with lawyers, personnel departments and other referring sources. The need for participants was expressed to many of them. Participants referred by professional friends are also good recruitment source. e. Recruitment Method All the participants will be given the researcher’s telephone number and a brief description of the study (see Appendix B). It will be up to the potential participants whether they would make the first contact. Their participation in the study will not be discussed with referring person. The researcher will assume that access to participants would be much easier this way. The resources who were able to provide participants all knew and trusted the researcher. This knowledge could have made it easier to believe that patients would not be harmed by participation in the study. More personal contact beyond telephone and written contact may help to build the necessary trust with potential providers of participants who have never met the researcher. f. Informed Consent Process Because of concern for protection of human subjects, potential participants will be the one responsible for contacting the researcher, not visa versa. This may add to the difficulty of finding participants. Perhaps more potential participants could have been contacted sooner to insure a less prolonged interview schedule. Phenomenological research is a relatively unknown methodology in the medical community and potential providers of participants may have been concerned about the validity of the research. After the potential participants called the researcher, a short interview will be conducted on the telephone to ascertain whether they met the requirements for the study. They will be told what would be expected of them and asked whether they will be willing to participate. Participants will be informed about the nature of the study verbally and through a written consent form (see Appendix C). The nature of the study will also be discussed over the telephone and at the start of the first interview. Questions about the study will be answered at this time, as well as later. As stated in the consent form interviews will be tape-recorded. The tapes will be transcribed by the typist. Pseudonyms will be substituted whenever the participant’s name is used on the tape. The tapes, transcriptions of the tapes, information sheets, and any other materials written by or about the participants’ actual names will not appear in any written reports, nor will they be used in any other way. A list of participants wishing information about the results will be kept separate and will be in no way connected with the data. Participants will be assured that they could withdraw from the study at any time, and that this would not affect their treatment in any way. g. Study Location Attempt will be made to interview all participants in their homes as it will be likely the place where they will feel comfortable and will be sufficiently relax to be able to talk about their experiences. The home is a more appropriate setting than the hospital. Although healing probably will not occur in the hospital, many factors are present which may influence the ability to focus on the process. Pain, recovery from anesthesia, lack of privacy, and immersion in the patient role are notable destructors which are expected to be less pronounces at home. Most of the interviews will be conducted in the home but if the participant will find it more convenient to be interviewed in their office or in other comfortable place (i. e. restaurant) then that will be granted. h. Potential Problems It is anticipated that some questions may cause emotional trauma, thus the participants’ emotional state will be assessed throughout the interview and time will be allotted to discuss any difficulty they will have. 5. Research Design and Methods a. Research Design A suitable design for exploring holistic healing from the perspective of the person in the mechanism of the health creation process is phenomenology. In phenomenology, the essence of human experience (Solomon, 1980) will be studied. It is based on careful consideration of rich complex data, using logic and insight (Cohen, 2001). Then careful interpretation will clarify this reality of human experiences. In the process of interpretation, data will not created, but they will be analysed with an attempt to discover their essence. So, in order to address the research questions posed in this study, select individuals will be asked to discuss their experience of holistic healing and the mechanism of their health creation process. Asking people directly seemed an effective way to study meaning, experience, beliefs, expectations, and perceptions of holistic healing. Benner (2002) pointed out that physiological aspects of healing can be studied readily with traditional quantitative research. Much of the research available on psychological, interpersonal, and personality dimensions of health has also been done using quantitative methods. But there is now a current interest in exploring holistic healing using qualitative means, but no qualitative studies have explored healing. As healing is a lived experience it seems appropriate to use a qualitative method to ask individuals who are in the process of healing to attempt to articulate what they believe is happening. The following is a list of the steps proposed by Colaizzi (1998) that will be followed in this study: 1. carefully interrogate presuppositions; 2. conduct pilot interviews; 3. integrate personal presuppositions and the thoughts about the pilot data, to generated a series of interview questions; 4. gather the data; 5. read all the transcriptions of the data and acquire a feeling for the whole; 6. underlie significant statements in the data; 7. try to formulate the meaning of the combined significant statements. Creative insights can be used to go from what the subjects say to what the researcher believes they might have meant; 8. organize formulated meanings from all the interviews into groups of themes. Validate these themes by asking whether there is anything in the original data that is not included in the themes, or whether the themes imply anything not in the original data; 9. write an exhaustive description of the results so far, including any discrepancies or themes that do not fit into a cohesive framework; 10. reduce the description to the fundamental structure of the phenomenon; 11. validate findings with selected participants. In a phenomenological study, oral interview is indispensable. The purpose of the interview is to elicit information about the participants’ experience in their own words, order of priority, and depth of emphasis. Hence, interviews will usually lasts from 60 to 90 minutes or even longer. Then, it is expected that there will be two interviews (first and a follow-up). The first interview is intended to be conducted approximately one week after hospital discharge. After the first interview with each participant, the data will be analyzed to discover whether any of this information needed clarification or expansion or whether any of these data pointed to the need for another area of questioning. A list of specific questions will be drawn from each participant to explore during the second interview. The second interview for each participant is planned to occur three weeks after the first interview to allow enough time to pass to have some additional thoughts on healing, yet to be early enough in the process that the participant will still focused on healing. The second will start with general questions before the more specific questions will be asked. Again, he purpose was to elicit the participants’ experience in the most uncontaminated way possible. The participants’ thoughts about the healing is expected to be stimulated during the first interview so that they will add new ideas to express during the second interviews and it will be validated as the emerging themes and interpretations of the researcher.

Essay on The Navajo Indians

Essay on The Navajo Indians Essay on The Navajo Indians Navajo Indians 1 The Navajo Indians ANT101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor: Professor Heywood July 10, 2013 Navajo Indians 2 The Navajo Indians are considered to be the largest tribe of all Native American Indians within the United States. Among the Navajo culture their primary mode of subsistence are pastoralists. In this paper I will discuss the Navajo’s beliefs and values, sickness and healing as well as their social organization. â€Å"Pastoralists are those who regularly move in search of naturally occurring grass and water.† (Nowak Laird, 2010). The Navajo being a pastoral society as their main source of subsistence meant the use of farming to produce corn and raising of livestock, primarily sheep. These were techniques the Navajo learned after raiding Pueblo villages. Once both cultures were integrated, these techniques became important for survival and economic foundation. The shift to a pastoral and agricultural lifestyle created many opportunities which made it possible for the Navajo to become one of the most modernized societies in the United States. Having a new lifestyle and way of living, the Navajo were considered nomads because they often traveled from one area to another due to the change of season. Traveling during season changes resulted in abandoning and rebuilding of shelters repeatedly. The Navajo people have a very spiritual way of life and base their way of living around a spiritual essence. Being a spiritual people, the Navajo give thanks daily for their food as well as the la nd where they reside. The Navajo base their life on a belief that both the physical and spiritual world are blended together and that all things on earth are alive and sacred. The Navajo believe the creator placed them in the middle of four mountains that represented the four cardinal directions. Among these four cardinal directions, is where the Holy Ones are believed to have lived and that they are attracted to them by prayers, songs, stories as well as their paintings. Navajo Indians 3 The Navajo believe that the Holy people have the power to aid or to harm the Earth People, which are the Navajo or otherwise known as the Dine. There is also the belief that the use of baskets and weaving came from the first man and women from the Holy ones, for ceremonial purposes. One item the Navajo valued was Turquoise. When the Navajo learned silversmith work, they combined the turquoise with the beauty of silver. This jewelry was often large and set with turquoise as the stone. The size and detail was said to reflect the owner’s wealth and their status. Turquoise and other gem stones are an important part of Navajo silversmiths they focus more on the detail and designs made with silver. Along with jewelry making the Navajo also valued basketry, pottery and sand painting. The baskets were used as to carry such things as water, food and other things meant for trading. The pottery was used to cook with as well as to store things such as food and water. Healing of ill nesses by the Navajo was performed by ceremonies. Some of the ceremonies were called, chants, sings, or ways. Sand painting ceremonies were helot to either cure an illness and also to ensure ones general wellbeing. During these ceremonies, there were some that could last up to nine nights, however, most only lasted one day. These ceremonies are conducted by a practitioner, â€Å"priest†, that had the highest training and they are called a hatta[ii. In definition this means a singer or chanter.

Emotions essays

Emotions essays Emotions have helped humans evolve and survive by changing the way we react to and think about our environment. Positive and negative emotions create patterned responses in both individuals and in whole societies. Emotions can help people understand the world, including other human beings, better; they can also distort perceptions. Fear probably influences human evolution more than any other emotion. For example, early humans quickly learned that some large mammals posed direct threats to themselves and their families. By creating a "fight or flight" response, fear helped prehistoric peoples survive and thrive in the midst of natural threats and disasters. Fear also contributed in large part to the development of religion, as the contemplation of the universe induced a sense of awe and wonder at the universe. Unfortunately, the emotion of fear also created divisions between different tribes and ethnic groups. This expression of fear greatly influenced the way in which different peoples evolved and different cultures either flourished or died out. Most wars have been fought based on emotional responses, especially fear and anger. Anger, a natural response to situations that are unexpected, irritating, or potentially harmful, also helps human survive and evolve. Anger affects all interpersonal relationships and can cause rifts and strife among communities and cultures. However, love and attraction has had a similar effect on human evolution. Interracial marriages affect the evolution of humanity on biological and cultural levels. Mutual respect and admiration for foreign cultures and people has contributed to human evolution in the same way that fear and anger has. Love most obviously contributes to human survival by ensuring the continuation of the species, as males and females feel emotional and sexual attractions for one another. A wide range of human emotions, ma...

Business marketing assignment (Starbucks) Essay

Business marketing assignment (Starbucks) - Essay Example Several terrorist groups are targeting the customers of Starbucks Cafe in order to achieve their political goals and demands. For example, terrorist attack in Africa and Middle East took the lives of several in-store customers. These kinds of terrorist activities have negative effect on the business operation of Starbucks. The impact is affecting the overall sales and profit of the organization. Starbucks are selecting politically stable countries for their business operation. This strategy will help the organization to maximize business growth and market share. Recent financial crisis and global economic recession has reduced the purchasing power of people. Low disposable income, increasing unemployment rate, high interest rate and low per capita income reduced the consumption activities of people. Costa Coffee, JD Wetherspoon and McDonalds are the potential competitors of Starbucks. These competitors implemented competitive pricing strategy in order to achieve potential competitive advantages. Low pricing strategy of the competitors is affecting the business performance of Starbucks. The organization is one of the leading employers around the globe. Starbucks has developed ample job opportunities for the job seeking applicants in their coffee shops. This organizational process is helping in economic development and employment opportunities. Moreover, the organization has developed respectable and better social hubs where the people can visit with their friends and relatives. Effective workplace diversity motivates the employees to perform significantly. The organization promoted valuable respect and diversity leading to effective social lifestyle and significant internal stakeholders’ contentment. Starbucks is capitalizing on the potential opportunities that developed due to the implementation of advanced technology. Phone applications, Starbucks cards and payment through online eased the business functions of

Report for AIR PARTNER PLC. (Research & Financial Analysis) Essay

Report for AIR PARTNER PLC. (Research & Financial Analysis) - Essay Example Findings a) Financial highlights According to the chairman’s report( air partner’s report 2010), the group made a loss of ?1.65m, a loss of ?0.04 in the financial year 2009.Similarly, the pre-tax profit slumped from ?.6m in 2009 to ?3.5m in 2010 which is attributed to the restructuring costs and loss from some of their operating units. The company’s operation remained profitable despite the challenging environment fueled by a contracting economic outlooks experienced across the world in 2009 and part of 2010.( Vogel,2001).However, its turnover from the continuing operations increased from ?187m in 2009 to ?230m in the year 2010. The annual report released by the director in July 2011, indicates a remarkable increase in turnover and the pretax profit. The turnover increased from ?230m in 2010 to ?282m in 2011.Similarly, the pre-tax profit soared greatly by 93% in as compared to the yrar2010.The re was also an increase in Earnings per share from 26.6% to 32.55 in 2 011.It is also pointed out that in 2011 financial year, the directors were entitled to dividends signifying some positive growth in profits unlike in 2011 where there were no dividends due to the losses the companies had realized. Increase in profits was attributed to its core strategy of focusing on core business of core broking activities in areas which were profitable (Plunkett, 2008). A further critical analysis of their financial statements reveals that the net current assets of the firm decreased from ?9557m in 2009 to ?7642m in 2010 and a light increase to ?9578 in 2011, wit taxation taking major of their expenditures from the companies’ earnings. A loss was registered in cash flows from operating activities from ?2011m to ?2021m in 2011.This was attributed to a discontinued loss from operation as evidenced from the incomes and expenditure statement. Investment activities continued to decrease due to losses that were being incurred by the company, due to a downturn eco nomic patterns with ?18m in 2010 and a worse loss in 2011 of ?627m.in general, the cash and cash equivalents decreased by ?4569m in they year 2011. A closer review of the changes in the equity statement indicates that the company increased slightly from the ?10959m to ?12817m in the year ending 31st july2011. b) Trends and other concerns of the company As noted in their annual report (31st July, 2011), the lead time booking for their clients is ad hoc and unpredictable. This implies that the company’s business trend in uncertainty and only depends on the factors such financial markets, political instability from which their subsidiary company operate and natural events such catastrophe, earthquakes which adversely affect their business operation in those specified areas. For example, the earth quake that occurred in Japan adversely affected all the business in those areas and aircrafts plying those areas had to be called off (Annual Report, 2010; 2011) c) The group’s p rincipal risks The group principal risks include operation-related risks such as shortages of supply, adverse weather conditions, competitive pricing owed to the fact that the industry is highly concentrated, and stringent legal regulations