Pondy’s view in the “process of conflict” Essay

Pondy sees struggle as a procedure comprises of 5 phases †inactive clash, saw strife, felt struggle, show struggle and struggle result. Supervisors can utilize Pondy’s model to decipher and break down a contention circumstance and make a move to determine it. In dormant clash, there’s no inside and out clash however there’s a potential for a few wellsprings of contention, for example, relationship, contrasts in objectives and needs, bureaucratic variables, contrary execution measures and rivalry for assets. As association separate, exercises of various subunits are reliant. Every subunit builds up a craving for independence and starts to seek after objectives and interests that it esteems over the objectives of different subunits. Since the exercises of the subunits are interdepedent, subunits’ want for self-governance prompts struggle between gatherings. Contrasts in subunit direction influence the manner in which every division sees the world and cause every subunit to seek after various objectives that are frequently conflicting or contrary. The potential for struggle emerges once their objectives become inconsistent. This is on the grounds that the objectives of one subunit may influence the capacity of anothe to accomplish its objectives. Inactive clash may likewise emerge by the way which task connections create in associations. Struggle can happen as a result of status irregularities between various gatherings in the organization’s administration. One of the bureaucratic clash happens among staff and line capacities. A line work is legitimately engaged with the creation of the organizaion’s yields while staff capacities prompt and bolster the line capacity, for example, faculty and bookkeeping. In many associations, individuals in line works see themselves as the basic hierarchical asset and individuals in staff works as optional players. Accordingly, they generally utilizes its status a the maker of merchandise and enterprises to justiry putting its inclinations in front of the different function’s interests. This outcomes in strife. Now and then objectives lack of ability are not the souce of contention. Be that as it may, it is a result of the manner in which association screen, assess and compensates various subunits. The manner in which an association plans its structure to arrange subunits can influence the potential for strife also. Other than thses, strife may emerge as a result of the constrained resouces too. At the point when assets are constrained, decisions aobut the assignment of them must be made and the subunits should go after their offer. Divisions should battle to build a lot of financing on the grounds that the more finances they can acquire, the quicker they can develop. Seen struggle is the second phase of Pondy’s model. Seen strife starts when subunits sees that its objectives are being impeded by the activities of another gathering. Each gathering scans for the source of the contention and develops a situation that represents the issues that it’s encountering with different subunits. For instance, the assembling capacity abruptly understand that the reason for a large number of its creation issues is deficient sources of info. After some examination, they found that the materials the board consistently purchases contributions from the most minimal cost wellsprings of gracefully and makes no endeavor to build up the sort of long haul associations with providers that can raise the quality and unwavering quality of sources of info. In this way, the assembling will see the materials the board as obstructing its objective and interests. In felt struggle stage, subunits in strife rapidly build up an enthusiastic reaction toward one another. Collaboration among subunits and authoritative viability will fall if strife emerges. The contention emerges as the various subunits in struggle fight and contend their places of perspectives. The genuine issue might be moderately minor, yet it will transform into a major clash which become increasingly more hard to oversee on the off chance that we didn’t resolve it. It will rapidly arrive at the fourth stage, which is the manifes strife if the contention isn't settled. In the show strife stage, one subunits pays back another subunits byâ attempting to frustrate its objectives. Open hostility among individuals and gatherings is normal. There are numerous accounts and fantasies in associations about board-room battles in which administrators get into a physical altercation as they look to advance their inclinations. Infighthing in the top-supervisory crew is exceptionally regular as chiefs look to advance their own vocations to the detriment of others. When show strife happen, organizaional adequacy will endure on the grounds that the intefration and coordination among directors and subunits will separate. Supervisors need to maintain a strategic distance from struggle from arriving at this stage. On the off chance that the wellsprings of the contention was not resoved, it will make struggle happen once more, however might be in another unique circumstance. Each phase of contention leaves a contention fallout which influences they way the gatherings percieve struggle and respond to future clash stages. The fallout will advance great future working connections if a contention is settled before it gets to the show strife stage. In any case, if the contention wasn’t settled, the consequence will be more awful future working connections.

Beer Company Segmentation Essay

Segment: From the market investigation segment of the paper we previously settled that globally, Anheuser is growing both into the Asian and Latin American markets. Be that as it may, regularly what fragment of the market do they target explicitly? Well at present, the organization is making an endeavor to focus on the female populace. Michelob Ultra is being promoted in women’s magazines like cosmopolitan and other AB brands are put on lady centered channels, for example, Oxygen and Lifetime. Ladies anyway aren’t the main core interest. With the ongoing spotlight being on FMB’s, the most reliable and constant market has been the 21-27-age section, generally undergrads. It’s Bacardi line of seasoned beers and the most recent augmentations, Tilt and B-to-the-E concur with the way of life of the contemporary grown-up searching for imaginative beverages that is reasonable for an assortment of events and is an option in contrast to lager. For the more conventional and enthusiastic buyer, Anheuser markets towards its US clients by gloating on the way that it is the main American made brew. Geographic: Currently, Anheuser is a worldwide endeavor with appropriation focuses in the U. K, Japan, Canada, and Spain. It holds a half piece of the overall industry in the U. S lager advertise and a half piece of the overall industry in Grupo Modelo, Mexico’s driving brewer. Anheuser Busch possesses 27% stake in China’s number one brewer Tsingato and is seeking after Harbin bottling works Group in China. Psychographics: The pattern today is for individuals to lead more beneficial ways of life and be increasingly faithful in the exercises and interests that they participate in. This is noticeable in the eating routine plans and low-carb stage that has developed and has gotten predominant. To underwrite off of this Anheuser advances its low-calorie lager to these people. Anheuser likewise puts more accentuation on it seasoned malt brews to speak to its wine and soul customers and to contend in a changing situation where individuals lead exceptionally social ways of life by going to bars/clubs, appears, games, and so forth. Sponsorships of the 2006 Fifa world cup, MLB and its 26 household groups and the Mexican national soccer group are an endeavor to catch this portion of the market. Social: â€Å"18-multi year old Hispanics are expending Spanish and English communicate media at about equivalent rates with Spanish-language TV and radio outpacing English-language TV and radio; * A more noteworthy level of youthful Hispanics shop at more store types than do youthful non-Hispanic grown-ups; * Young Hispanics are bound to be imprudent customers. They like to stay aware of styles and will spend what they need to look more youthful †more so than non-Hispanics youthful grown-ups; * Young Hispanic grown-ups are substantial perusers of magazines with way of life, amusement, car and sports-centered titles starting to lead the pack; * 18-multi year old Hispanic purchasers are more convinced by promoting in Spanish and are increasingly faithful to organizations with advertisements in Spanish. † (Hispanic business) The pattern is for Hispanics to be trailblazers and trend-setters rather than devotees/slow pokes so the example has been to showcase on an individual portfolio premise rather than brand-dedication perspective. The more youthful ages tend not to be brand faithful however receptive of the most current and trendiest developments. The conduct promoting of Anheuser Busch is customized to the Hispanic with occasions, in magazines, TV slots and games. It supports the 2006 Fifa World Cup, MLB and its 26 local groups and the Mexican national soccer group. Not exclusively is the conduct of Hispanics assessed however all of different countries. Anheuser advances assorted variety in the workforce at conveyance focuses over the world to be comfortable with the purchaser conduct everything being equal. Situating procedures: Beer is constantly connected with negative generalizations of death, tanked conduct, a male movement and numerous other terrible meanings. The great picture of Anheuser Busch (all the more usually known as Busch Gardens) land hopes to change the appearance as a pleasant picture for the family. Kids at a youthful age will be acquainted with the item and consider it to be easy to use since it is situated as solid and adequate for everybody. The expansion of the low carb line of lager additionally assists with recommending that the brew is likewise solid and socially appropriate. Item techniques: Anheuser Busch item system incorporates the eye getting 7ounce psychologist wrap bottle that comes in six vivid happy structures. Bud Light, one of the brands of AB, is including the expansion of tasty brew with Bud light Oranguatang and Bud light berry. It additionally presented two new one of kind mixes, Celebrate by Michelob and Brews Masters Private Reserve by Budweiser. Evaluating methodologies: To all the more likely objective the Hispanic market, AB increment the Latino spending plan to in excess of 60 million dollars, which is 66% more than a year ago. The expansion of national media spending will likewise increment by multiple times more than a year ago fixing 3 million dollars. â€Å"While the local lager organization has expanded strategic cost advancements this year on a particular market, brand and bundle premise to decrease cost premiums versus rivalry, organization officials affirmed that the company’s long haul evaluating procedure keeps on focusing on increments at or somewhat beneath the buyer value list. â€Å"(Forbes) Promotion systems: As expressed before the organization is elevating its item to pull in lady through lady centered channels like Oxygen and Lifetime. Notwithstanding getting comfortable through sponsorships of major games, it advances its items through advertising messages as the main American distillery that is as yet American possessed with benefits remaining in the states. Mill operator Brewing Company Demographic: Many bottling works understand the capability of the developing Hispanic market and Miller is the same. Particularly significant, 75% of the Hispanic populace is under 45 years of age a prime age bunch for lager utilization. Hispanics are the most brand-faithful segment among brew buyers. Anyway this isn't the main portion that it targets. Mill operator is custom-made to the contemporary consumer least age 24. Ads for items, for example, Miller Light show the manly picture of men in manly situations. The vast majority of Miller items are advertised in a manner where they will pull in the top of the line purchaser that will pay somewhat more and upright of high caliber. While Anheuser Busch’s Bud Light focuses on the more youthful age, Miller Light’s focuses on the more seasoned segment with the base age being 24. A portion that has been discarded in the promoting methodologies of numerous items not simply the lager business has been the gay populace. Mill operator wants to underwrite off this market to recover its situation as No. 1 in the business by focusing on all territories of the market. Geographic: In July 2002 Miller Brewing Company converged with South African Breweries plc, making Miller an auxiliary of the #2 brewer on the planet. It turned into the primary universal bottling works to set up a nearness in Central America. As its top rival, Anheuser Busch, it is venturing into the Latin and Asian markets. In contrast to most bottling works, it doesn’t yield to a specific geographic fragment of the market however plans to represent each brew consumer in each market. Psychographics: To additionally speak to their No. 1 customer the Hispanic market, Miller Brewing Company, advances the greater part of their items through Hispanic occasions, for example, sponsorship of Cinco de Mayo and sponsorships of World Cups. The Hispanic market is viewed as the most brand-steadfast and in this manner is focused on so forcefully. The promoting affects the brain science of purchaser conduct through the accentuation of expressing that their items are of higher caliber. Guys are pulled in to the possibility of a brew that places accentuation on the bluster of an item and their conduct is adjusted through male showcasing. Conduct: In a male-promoted thing, for example, the high life items, you should focus on the conduct and exercises of the regular man. Mill operator is the official backer of the National Football League. A large portion of the items are showcased on a brand faithfulness premise so it supports regular items to pick up the commonality with purchasers (ex: Kraft, Frito-Lay, Gillette, and so forth). Situating methodologies: Mill operator positions its items for the dedicated purchaser to the more defiant and brave consumer. The gay portion is viewed as a challenging section since they don't hold fast to the standard of today’s society. Mill operator Genuine Draft Light is seen focused on the gay and lesbian system LOGO. Mill operator is enthusiastic about letting it’s incredible taste justify itself with real evidence, as observed with it’s No. 1 item Great taste-less filling promotions, and has been effective. Mill operator with Food: Taste for yourself summer battle was utilized and was instrumental in expanding deals. Item procedures: As an organization, you need to be viewed as one of the top in your industry. Mill operator ensures this by deliberately putting Genuine Draft Light close to the main serious low-calorie brand. The certainty of the taste and nature of its items are high to such an extent that it executes the method of examining to catch new brew consumers and convert them into steadfast purchasers. Another method utilized for their items is space the executives which accomplishes increasingly cooler and rack space through long-neck N-R’s in 6-pack crates and free case, 6 and 12 pack jars, and 6-pack N-R’s speaks to the bundle blend purchasers request. The selling of recyclable plastic containers which made Miller the primary creation it the principal brewer to offer broad conveyance in plastic in the United States. The plastic jugs take into consideration an increasingly transportable item that remaining parts cold for a similar length as aluminum. The main drawback may originate from reusing authorities that contend that the earthy colored plastic containers don't reuse well with standard pop and water bottles and the expense for convenience of

Design market research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Configuration statistical surveying report - Essay Example In his initial ventures he utilized reused bottles. He has looked to impart his items with an enchantment and sentiment that typically rise above their capacities. He makes PC created botanical drawings and furthermore creates plans for large scale manufacturing. He has a work assortment of dish sets for Dartington precious stone and furthermore grows new items for example eyewear (Jennifer 2006). He has made an assortment of items in various regions for example silverware, gathering and enhancement things, consumables and lighting. He has additionally worked together with Target which is an enormous retail location really taking shape of various items. He has made store embellishments for one thousand 500 stores, designs for all indexes and has likewise worked together with executives of expressions in TV ads. They sell their items in Target. He inclines toward this Target in contrast with others since it has a bigger potential and scale. It is evaluated that more than one hundred million individuals shopping in Target ordinarily go over his items particularly during the Christmas celebrations (Jennifer 2006). His undertaking the Wednesday light which is utilized by Habitat has likewise developed his market. This is on the grounds that working with Habitat has made the lights to be delivered in enormous amounts. The creation in mass amounts has likewise empowered him to hold the costs down. He utilizes present day strategies in his structures. ... He utilizes innovation as a method of making new techniques and furthermore to make new articulations. He loves the utilization of exotic material surfaces. It's the new mechanical procedures that cause him to be in a situation to take a gander at the quality once more. He utilizes the PC to draw at that point sends the materials straightforwardly to the creation machines to make the items. He has more inclination on the way toward assembling. At present he has structured another adaptation of Wednesday night which is made of nickel plated metal rather than the previous tempered steel. It is of a bigger size which thus implies that a huge assortment of blossom structures would fit. The cutting edge form likewise has less punk since it is stuffed in a level pack. He has likewise evolved sentimental style which portray nature. These feel have energetic hues. He makes doll seats and different seats which are normally secured with organdies and mouse lines and are readied utilizing s variety of hues and surfaces. He makes structures with hues which are typically enlivened naturally. Marrimeko Company Marrimeko is a completion organization that was set up in 1951. The organization is associated with the assembling, planning, and furthermore showcases great garments, sacks, and different frill. The organization plans results of striking hues and which have huge scope designs. This has made it to build its prominence and furthermore increment its market level. They have intense examples and one of a kind styles which cut across ages. The organization generally works in an alternate manner when contrasted with different organizations. It has forms that are not all that direct and rational. Issues are typically intensely talked about and a great deal of reasoning is done before any choice is made in this organization. Marrimeko has a significant level market. Their deals included a half ascent inside the most recent two years.

Trade relations between India and China from the beginning to 1500 AD Essay

Exchange relations among India and China from the earliest starting point to 1500 AD - Essay Example The point of this examination paper is to research the historical backdrop of India-China exchange relations from antiquated occasions till sixteenth century. There were a few exchange places which filled in as basic business exchanges between the two nations. The significant exchange communities India were Puskalavati, Taxila, Tamralipti, Kanchi, and so on. Puskalavati is viewed as the main passage of antiquated India and was the most huge business shop since it contributed effectively in business exchange among India and China in the primary century A.D. During the time of Sakas and Kusanas, exchange among India and China was done through Puskalavati. Taxila was the center point of worldwide exchange and was basic exchange course among India and Central Asia (Shaffer, 123). It likewise helped western merchants in their exchange with China. Chinese dealers used to come to Kanchi through outside boats to purchase pearls, glass, valuable stones and other Indian items and traded gold and silver. Tamralipti was another significant port in Bengal which conveyed exchange joins with China (Shaffer, 129). Canton was the fundamental Chinese city w hich had built up exchange joins India. Other significant exchange interfaces among China and India included Ping-Yang and Kwi-Yang. Exchange relations between the two nations existed during the Madagh-Maurya period of fifth and 6th hundreds of years B.C. The Gupta time frame further demonstrates it. 6th Century BC shows the key time frame in Chinese history in light of the fact that the State of Tsin had presented significant alterations in financial and political fields (Eberhard, 34). This had expanded the business connection between India through land courses. During 6th century B.C, India and China made the most of the exchange openings that existed. The Indian muslin silk material had caught the global market which additionally assisted with promoting the Chinese silk. Incredible requests for Chinese silk from everywhere throughout the world came and

Importance of Financial Management - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION The modern thinking in financial management accords a far greater importances to the management decisions and making policy. Today financial managers occupy key positions in top management areas and play dynamic role in solving complex management problems. The main object ive of accounting is to provide the necessary information, which is useful for the person within the organization i.e.; owners, management, employees and also outside the organization i.e.; investors, creditors, government, consumers, etc. Financial accounting is concerned with record keeping directed towards the preparation of income statement and financial position statement. It provides information regarding profit and loss of the enterprise and also its financial position as on that particular date. This information is helpful to management to control the major functions of the business i.e.; finance, administration, production and marketing, but details regarding operating efficiency to their lacking financial statements are mainly concerned with the managements interest in future of the organization. Thus the financial performance valuation involves the determination of the companys ability In mobilizing the funds required for the business and utilizing the funds in the business. Therefore, the financial performance is concerned with the appraisal of the following: Capital formation Capital structure Profitability and profit allocation Working capital and liquidity management FINANCIAL ANALYS Financial analysis is the process of determining the significant operating and financial characteristics of a firm from its accounting and its financial statements. The goal of such analysis is to determine the efficiency and performance of the firms management, reflected in the financial records and reports. This analysis will help us to measure firms liquidity, profitability and other indications that determine whether the business is conducted in a rational way or not. METHODS OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: There are 7 methods of financial analysis. Such are: Comparative statement Comparative income statement Comparative balance sheet Common-size statement Trend analysis Fund-flow analysis Cash-flow analysis Ratio analysis Cost-volume profit analysis RATIO ANALYSIS: Financial statement plays a decisive role in setting the frame work of managerial decisions for the financial statements viz; income statement and balance statement are prepared to help the management in taking decisions. The Ratio analysis is the most power tool of financial analysis. Meaning: A ratio is simple arithmetical expression of the relationship of one member to another. Accounting ratios are relationships expressed in mathematical terms between figures which are connected with each other in some manner. Ratio analysis shows inter-relationship between the different items in the data. Current ratio: Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities The current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. Current assets include cash and those assets which can be converted into cash within year such as inventories, sundry debtors, marketable securities, loans and advances and prepaid expenses. Current liabilities are obligations maturing within a year, including creditors, bills payable, accrued expenses, bank overdraft, income tax liability, loans and advances and provisions. The companys liquidity position was very low in the initial years where as it is very high in the later years. Quick (or) Acid test ratio: Quick ratio = (Current assets Inventory) / Current liabilities The ratio is really at the rate of current ratio and is found out by dividing the total current liabilities. From the analysis, it can be interpreted that the companys liquidity position to pay for current liability is high. This result is higher interest cost on networking capital which affects the profitability of the firm. Debtors days: Debtors days = (Debtors / sales) * 365 The liquidity position of the firm depends on the quality of the debtors to the great extent. This resulted in higher balance in debtors for which company had to pay more interest charges which affected profitability of the company. This can be improved 3 times better as observed in the ratios of well doing firms. This will result in big reduction in interest charges as well as increase in profits. This possible only through better debtors management and optimum credit policy of the firm. Creditor days: Creditor days = (Creditor / Cost of goods sold ) * 365 This ratio is a variation of the credit ratio and gives similar indications. It measures the portion of the firms assets that are financed by creditors. A very high ratio indicates a greater risk to creditors as also to the share holders under adverse business conditions. On the other hand , a low ratio is for the creditors in extending credit. Net income ratio: Net income ratio = (Net profit / sales) *100 This ratio measures the rate of the net profit earned on sales. It establishes a relationship between net profit and sales in overall measure of the firms ability to turn pound of sales into net profit, this ratio also indicate the firms capacity to withstand adverse economic conditions. Gross income ratio: Gross income ratio = (Gross profit / Sales) *100 The gross profit has been arrived by adding the closing stock and subtracting the materials, excise duty, wages and other manufacturing expenses to sales. This ratio reflects the efficiency with which management produces each unit of the product. When the gross margin in subtracted from 100% we get the ratio of cost of goods to sale. Return on equity: Return on equity = Net income / Share holders equity The amount of net incomereturnedas a percentageof shareholders equity.Return on equitymeasures a corporations profitabilityby revealing how muchprofit acompany generateswith the money shareholders have invested. Net income is for the full fiscal year (before dividends paid to common stock holders but after dividends to preferred stock.) Shareholders equity does not include preferredshares. Cost of sales to sales ratio: Cost of sales to sales ratio = Cost of sales / Total sales Through the manufacturing expenses percentage of company is less than the industry average the Cost of sales is slightly more than the industry. This can be, because of more depreciation charges or difference in excise duty. Therefore company has to produce goods by effective utilization of foxed assets to bring down the depreciation cost of sales. Stock turnover days: Stock turnover days = sales / inventory The higher the stock turnover the better, because money is then tied up for less time in stocks. A quicker stock turnover also means that the firm gets to make its profit on the stock quicker, and so the firm should be more competitive. However, it will vary between industries and so it is important to compare within an industry. Return on net assets: RONA = net income / (Fixed assets + Networking capital) Here, Networking capital = Current assets Current liabilities. It is the useful measure the profitability of all financial resources invested in the firms assets. It evaluated the use of total funds without any regard to the sources of funds. Higher the ratio more effective is the firm is using the pool of funds. Sales to net assets employed: Sales to net assets employed = sales / net assets Here, Net assets = Fixed assets + Current assets Current liabilities. This ratio is also called the earning power of the firm and represents the return of the funds. It indicates how well management has used funds supplied by the creditors and owners. Higher the ratio better is the position of the firm and more efficient of the management in utilizing funds, entrusted to it. CONCLUSIONS In the overall of a business is to earn a satisfactory return on funds invested in it, consistent with maintaining a sound financial position. The position of the company according to ratio is satisfactory in the year 2008 2010. That means each year profit had been increased. BIBLIOGRAPHY Financial management M Y Khan P K Jain https://www.investopedia.com

How The Environment Influences Schizophrenia and Possible Prevention - Free Essay Example

Abstract: Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous disease that affects over 1.5 million people in the United States alone. It causes structural abnormalities in multiple brain regions as well as alters neuronal signaling causing a plethora of symptoms that affect an individuals day-to-day life. Globally it accounts for almost 1% of disability adjusted life years (DALYs), yet there is no known cure (Samele, 2007). However, for the disease to manifest it is currently thought that there must be both a genetic vulnerability, as well as environmental factors that result in a disease state. There is significant evidence showing that prenatal malnutrition (in specific regards to folate and vitamin D), childhood trauma, IQ and social cognition, social stressors, adolescent cannabis use, and expression of endogenous retroviruses all contribute to the development of schizophrenia (Davis, 2015). The large role epigenetics plays in the development schizophrenia presents an untapped potential to decrease rates of the disease through preventative treatment. Introduction: Schizophrenia is a form of psychosis that manifests in the early 20s for males and late 20s for females. While the exact mechanisms of the disease are unknown it is hypothesized that it results from improper neural development leads to the widespread dysfunction of multiple pathways in the brain. Functional scans show abnormal activity in both the frontal and temporal lobes as well as a reduction of tissue volume in these regions. This decrease in volume is thought to be a result of thinning of the cerebral cortex in the frontal and temporal lobes. Schizophrenic patients also typically have larger ventricles that control subjects. This is hypothesized to be the result of decreased tissue volume (Aleman, 2014). Increased dopamine secretion by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is also commonly seen in schizophrenia; this causes abnormalities in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. This pathway is thought to be the main contributor to positive symptoms and the target for most anti-psychotic me dications used to manage symptoms (Aleman, 2014). The disease is characterized by 3 different subsets of symptoms: positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms are the most distinct symptoms of the disease and are categorized by an additional feature in which there is no corresponding normal phenotype. These symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and catatonic behavior. Negative symptoms are the loss of normal function including the lost ability to express and distinguish emotions as well as loss of motivation. This is usually seen in the form of avolition (loss of interest/motivation), alogia (poverty of speech), and flat affect (inappropriate response). The third and final subset of symptoms are classified as cognitive and are generally more subtle. When tested schizophrenic patients often show decreased cognitive functioning, memory consolidation, and learning abilities- this relationship is linear, with more severe cases showing greater cognitive declines (Vacic, 2013). The diagnosis of this disease requires at leas t one positive symptom accompanied with either or both negative symptoms or cognitive symptoms as well (Vacic, 2013). Research shows that schizophrenia is largely a genetic disease†having a diagnosed parent has a conference of 10% while having a monozygotic twin with the disease infers a 50% probability of the other twin also having the disease. Over one-hundred genes have been linked to schizophrenia; however, the underlying mechanisms and effects of different genes are yet to be known (Ripke, 2014). Currently the development of schizophrenia is a two-hit hypothesis, meaning that without environmental influence, individuals with a genetic vulnerability will never develop schizophrenia (Davis, 2015). Malnutrition: Malnutrition is perhaps the most apparent and notable influencer. Prenatally malnourished rats were found to have decreased neural aborization in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus for both dopaminergic and seratonogic neurons (Davis, 2015). After the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944 and 1945 as well as the famine in China during the 1960s, schizophrenia rates in the offspring of mothers who lived through the famines doubled (Davis, 2015). Folate, iron, and vitamin D deficiencies are all micronutrients associated with later onset of schizophrenia. An increase in homocysteine plasma levels in the third trimester of pregnancy (a marker for low folate levels) is associated with a two-fold increase in risk for schizophrenia (study controlled for both ethnicity and education) (McGrath, 2011). It is hypothesized that a deficiency in folate induces changes in methylation causing epigenetic changes in the expression of maternally imprinted genes (Kirkbride, 2012). Plasma levels of anemia in th e third trimester (marker for iron deficiency) were shown to confer a four-fold increase (Kirkbride, 2012). Lastly, vitamin D, which is perhaps the most studied with regard to schizophrenic onset, when supplemented is associated with a 77% risk reduction in subsequent schizophrenia (McGrath, 2004). The role of vitamin D deficiency is the proposed explanation for the increased rates of schizophrenia in offspring born in the winter-spring, migrant populations, and populations that live far from the equator (Graham, 2015). Childhood Trauma: Meta-analyses suggest that people with a history a trauma are 3x more likely to develop psychosis later in life (Davis, 2015). Those who underwent past traumatic experience also reported worse positive symptoms than other patients with the disease. This is thought to be the result of increased cortisol secretion hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity that is commonly seen in trauma survivors (Laurens, 2016). Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) has shown to have decreased mRNA levels in the hippocampus of those exposed to trauma which have been shown to cause volume reductions. This supports evidence for the widely held hypothesis that the hippocampal decreases seen in schizophrenia are a ramification of decreased expression in BDNF (Bennett Lagopoulos, 2014). Social Stressors: Marginalized, alienated, and/or migrant groups of a population are shown to have over 2 times greater of a risk for development of schizophrenia. Poverty, social uprooting, and discrimination are more prevalent in these populations suggesting that social stress contributes to the difference in rate between native and marginalized populations (Susser Patel, 2014). This may have major global health implications as the people most likely to need resources and support for schizophrenia dont have access to these types of services, exacerbating the problem (Susser Patel, 2014). IQ: Lower IQs have been connected with a higher risk of schizophrenia. Children with an IQ more than 2 SD below the average have an 8x greater risk of developing schizophrenia (Leeson, 2009). Some studies have shown that an above average IQ may decrease the risk of developing the disease; however other studies suggest that a higher IQ may confer an increased risk for a subtype of the disease (Davis, 2015). HERV activation: Several studies indicate that the genetic modulation of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) elements can alter neuronal development when modulated at vulnerable stages of development. HERVs constitute 8% of the human genome; however they usually remain unexpressed (dormant) unless stressors, parasites, or other factors that upregulate expression of harmful viral transposed DNA (Davis, 2015). There has been extensive research connecting the parasite Taxmoplasma Gondii to HERV expression and later onset of schizophrenia (Torrey, 2006). Knowing some of the epigenetic factors gives society the opportunity to mitigate these risks and combat schizophrenia through preventative measures. While there is no known cure, if this debilitating disease can be tackled from the other side it may be possible to prevent schizophrenic onset and limit the people that have to live with the side effects of anti-psychotic medications. Methods: A population based control study was done to assess neonatal vitamin D deficiency and its effects on the risk of schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that lower concentrations of vitamin D would confer a greater risk of schizophrenia. To do this an individually match case-control study was conducted from a population-based cohort. This included 424 healthy individuals as well as 242 individuals with schizophrenia. Using liquid chomotogrophy tandem mass spectroscopy, the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25[OH]D3) was measured. The concentration of 25- hydroxyvitamin D3(25[OH]D3) was obtained from neonatal dried blood spots that are stored for all individuals born in Denmark since May 1, 1981. By identifying people with schizophrenia that who were born later than May 1 of 1981, they were able to find a control that was born the exact same dya, was the same sex, and had no history of schizophrenia and compare neonatal vitamin D levels. Those in the lower 3 quintiles for of 25- hydrox yvitamin D3(25[OH]D3) concentration (lower than 40 nmol/L) were linked to a 2-fold increased risk for schizophrenia. This supported the hypothesis that low concentrations of neonatal vitamin D are associated with an elevated risk for schizophrenia later in life (McGrath, 2010). An epidemiological study based in Finland looked at trends in seasonal birth, and migrant populations in relation to rates of schizophrenia. Using information regarding schizophrenic diagnosis from the Finish Civil Registration system, they found over 5x greater rates of schizophrenia in dark-skinned migrant populations and a 3x greater rate in individuals born in winter or spring months. These two different cohorts of people are statistically known to have profoundly higher rates of vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency is linked to the development of schizophrenia; however, the authors of this study emphasize that this is mearly an association and there are likely numerous variables that may have influenced the results of the study (McGrath, 2011). As mentioned previously, another risk factor thought to contribute to the onset of schizophrenia is infections that lead to variations in genetic expression. One of the most prominent infections associated with schizophrenia is a parasite known as Toxoplasma Gondii. Research from the Center For Disease Control (CDC) measured the number of antibodies against T. Gondii in groups of people with and without schizophrenia. Controls were randomly selected and schizophrenic individuals had been diagnosed using current diagnostic criteria there were two different groups of schizophrenic individuals in the study: medicated and unmediated. Antibodies were measured using enzyme immunoassays. As predicted, in this study, as well as many others, the schizophrenic patients had significantly more antibodies to T. Gondii than controls. There was also a statistical difference in the number of antibodies between medicated and non-medicated patients, with medicated patients having fewer antibodies. Thi s suggests anti-psychotics may cause a decrease in antibody levels (Torrey, 2006). In a study aimed towards prevention of schizophrenia, emotional recognition was analyzed to determine if schizophrenia could be predicted by testing emotional recognition. Tree different groups were compared: (1) First-episode schizophrenic patients, (2) individuals with high risk of schizophrenia, (3) control. High risk individuals were identified using genetic factors. This was defined as those who had a first-degree relative with schizophrenia (this was assessed using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria). The PANSS test is the best test to acess psychiatric symtoms; this test was used to control for degree of symptoms. The experiment consisted of over 110 slides of faces representing fundamental emotions- sadness, anger, happiness, disgust, surprise, fear, and neutral. These were shown for 0.5 seconds 4 slides consisting of a number between 1 and 10 were randomly integrated to control for attention. Using a Prosody was also assessed using 4 different phrases: They must stay here.; He will come soon.; She will drive fast.; and We must go there. These 4 sentences were spoken with with different moods by actors. Subjects listened to 60 total sentences with a total of 5 different emotions. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between controls and the other 2 groups in the interpretation of both sadness and fear. The statistical test utilized were a one-way ANOVA and an ANCOVA which was adjusted for sex, age, and current IQ. Significant differences were seen between control groups and both high risk individuals as well as the first-episode schizophrenics with regards to sadness and fear when evaluating emotional recognition in facial expressions; however, there wasnt significant variance between the other emotions. For Prosody, the only emotion with a statistical difference between controls and both high-risk and first-episode schizophrenics was anger. While the results of facial recognition supported the hypothesis the res ults with regards to prosody did not, suggesting that it is schizophrenia cannot be identified simply by the inability to interpret fear and sadness (Amminger, 2012). Discussion: With more and more research providing evidence of environmental factors that contribute to schizophrenic onset, preventative measures have become easier to implement and there is a greater understanding of the tests needed to determine high-risk individuals (Brown, 2011). Malnutrition: The results from studies aimed at vitamin D show that vitamin D levels of less than 40 nmol/L in utero greatly increase the risk for schizophrenia. It also explains why offspring born in certain seasons as well as migrant populations have dramatically higher rates of schizophrenia. This allows us to implement prevention initiatives in this regard. Education programs aimed to inform future mothers, high-risk populations as well as the general public about vitamin D deficiency in utero and the consequences associated with the deficiency would likely decrease rates of schizophrenia and minimize other consequences that result from vitamin D deficiency, such as rickets. In the majority of the Scandinavian countries programs targeting the high-risk populations such as dark skinned migrant populations provide vitamin D supplementation for these individuals. Dark-skinned migrants are on of the groups with the highest rates of schizophrenia as they have the greatest rates of vitamin D deficie ncy (McRaith, 2011). Their ancestors lived closer to the equator where there was plenty of sunlight; therefore, having the enzyme needed to synthesize vitamin D was evolutionarily unfavorable. Most prenatal vitamins contain 400 IU/day of vitamin D; however the State of Alaska Epidemiology released a report this year stating that 400 UI is not nearly enough. The study recommends pregnant women taking over twice that amount, 1,000 IU/day (McGraith, 2011). It is likely that with this newfound information companies will start changing the concentration of vitamin D in prenatal vitamins; however, women should be informed with regard to the amount of vitamin D they should be supplementing and may need to supplement vitamin D in addition to using a prenatal vitamin. While vitamin D is the most studied micronutrient linked to schizophrenia, supplementation of iron and folate (mentioned above) should parallel these preventative measures to mitigate risk further. Childhood Trauma: Limiting the risk due to trauma is not as straight-forward as vitamin D which can be solved by taking a pill. Childhood trauma is an issue in itself and there are many groups that strive to limit this such as Blue Knot in the United States that provides resources to children that are in traumatic situations or survivors of traumatic situation (Supporting adult survivors of childhood trauma abuse, 2018). Social services also serves to help limit the amount of children in abusive or neglecting homes, and most school systems require teachers to report signs or indications of possible abuse. Luckily the majority of children in the United States are well-cared for and protected from this risk factor, and hopefully that percentage will grow as more resources are put in place. Social Stressors: Populations accustomed to chronic social stress are known to have a 2x greater likelihood of developing schizophrenia. This may have major global health implications as the people most likely to need resources and support for schizophrenia dont have access to these types of services, exacerbating the problem (Susser Patel, 2014). Resources for low SES families exist; however, the resources available fall short of the need. Inclusive societies and distribution of financial opportunities are needed to help mitigate this risk factor. HERV activation and T. Gondii 12 out of 13 articles show that antibodies for T. Gondii are significantly higher in schizophrenic individuals than controls (Davis, 2015). Currently 1/3 of the population is infected with T. Gondii (Torrey, 2006). In many European states prenatal T. Gondii testing is required, yet it is rarely done in the United States. Testing, particularly for individuals with a family history (and thus a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia) could provide important information and instigate additional testing to determine if the baby has also been infected. Also as mentioned in the study outlined above, antipsychotics are linked to lower levels of antibodies against T. Gondii. When researched further it was found that some antipsychotic medications inhibit the growth of T. Gondii in cell-cultures (Torrey, 2006). This shows another potential way antipsychotics suppress the symptoms of schizophrenia and while it currently provides most insight into treatment, it is likely this information may contribute to preventative outlooks down the road. Emotional Recognition: While many studies suggest it may be possible to identify the future onset of schizophrenia by testing emotional recognition, results from the study outlined in the methods portion suggest that this is not a liable way to do so. While they did note some statistically significant findings these varied greatly based on the method in which the emotion was expressed- facial expressions and prosody (Amminger, 2012). While it may be possible in the future to identify high risk individuals by testing emotional recognition current studies havent produced a way in which to do this or the potential mechanisms behind it.

Essay Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen - 1182 Words

Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The sonnet ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, by Wilfred Owen, criticizes war. The speaker is Wilfred Owen, whose tone is first bitter, angry and ironic. Then it’s filled with intense sadness and an endless feeling of emptiness. The poet uses poetic techniques such as diction, imagery, and sound to convey his idea. The title, ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’, gives the first impression of the poem. An ‘anthem’, is a song of praise, perhaps sacred, so we get the impression that the poem might me about something religious or joyous. However, the anthem is for ‘Doomed Youth’ which is obviously negative. The title basically summarizes what the poem is; a mixture of thoughts related to religion and death,†¦show more content†¦The climax in irony is ‘Shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells’; however, just as the poems irony climaxes, we are taken away from the war to the ‘sad shires’. Furthermore, the last two lines of the octet are transition lines: they prepare you for the sestet by slowing the pace and softening the tone, ‘And bugles calling for them from sad shires.’. The sestet of the poem, by using strong religious motifs, concentrates on what will happen after the war: about the friends and families left behind. The vast number of dead ‘cattle’ is described by Own when he says that there aren’t enough ‘candles’ to ‘speed them all’, and there aren’t any official funerals, but they can only be mourned by releasing their ‘holy glimmers of good-byes’ and that ‘the pallor of girls brows shall be their pall’. Lastly, it is stated that for the ‘patient minds’, each day passes by very ‘slow’ and they ‘draw down’ their ‘blinds’ as if slowly getting rid of any hope left. Nevertheless, they are finally in serenity. The poem is divided into two different ideas. The first part’s tone is at first violent, firm and negative; while the second part’s is miserable and unhopeful. The mood of the octet and sestet is similar to their tone: angry and depressive. Throughout the sonnet, Owen has used two rhetorical questions: one at the beginning of the octet and one at the beginning of the sestet. The diction and the actualShow MoreRelatedAnthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen1187 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owen joined the corps in 1915, at the tender age of twenty-two therefore his poems are testimonial, reflecting the gullibility evinced by many of the other young soldiers who fought in the World War. Consequently, Owen’s poems allude to a theme of the loss of innocence in the young soldiers as they were unprepared for the reality of what they would encounter. He also illustrates that the soldiers joined for materialistic reasons (e.g. titles, patronage) spurred in by the fervent propagandaRead MoreAnthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen776 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is a poem written by Wilfred Owen who was a soldier that died in the Great War. Throughout his poem he effectively communicates the distress and terror he experienced during his time of service. By Owen using a sonnet layout he is using irony as he is talking about an anthem of war not an anthem of love. The use of a traditional sonnet provides an emphasis on the severity of the subject. The poem is structured in 14 lines which Owen has divided into two stanzas. BothRead MoreAnthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen932 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Anthem For Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen helps us open up our thoughts to be able to look deeper into the meaning of how boys put their lives on the line to protect their country. The poem is 14 lines with themes of war, religion and death. In just two stanzas there is a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD EFFEGG that is seen. The first stanza represents the octave and the second stanza represents the sestet. Owen’s poem in the form of a sonnet puts the volta going from the first to second stanza by connectingRead MoreWilfred Owen Anthem for Doomed Youth Analysis1000 Words   |  4 PagesAnthem of the Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The poem I chose to study is Anthem of the doomed youth by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen, the son of a railway worker, was born in Plas Wilmot, near Oswestry, on 18th March, 1893. Owens youthful illusion of the glory of fighting as a soldier was reflected in his words to his mother on his return to England shortly before volunteering for the army...I now do most intensely want to fight. In the summer of 1917 Owen was badly concussed atRead More`` They `` And Wilfred Owen s `` Anthem For Doomed Youth ``1460 Words   |  6 PagesSiegfried Sassoon’s â€Å"They† and Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† depict disillusionment with religion justifying or romanticizing World War I. Both these poems express the authors’ frustrations that religion cannot justify the tragedies and consequences of the war. These frustrations are conveyed through tones of mocking and sarcasm, in addition to other methods. In â€Å"They† Sassoon creates a conversation between a Bishop and soldiers to express his frustration, while Owen uses sarcastic questionsRead MoreEssay on Anthem for Doomed Youth Commentary Wilfred Owen1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe sonnet ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth, by Wilfred Owen, criticizes war. The speaker is Wilfred Owen, whose tone is first bitter, angry and ironic. Then its filled with intense sadness and an endless feeling of emp tiness. The poet uses poetic techniques such as diction, imagery, and sound to convey his idea. The title, ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth, gives the first impression of the poem. An ‘anthem, is a song of praise, perhaps sacred, so we get the impression that the poem might me about somethingRead MoreThe Soldier By Rupert Brooke And Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen1367 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Soldier’ by Rupert Brooke and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ by Wilfred Owen are two World War One era sonnets, both making a comment on what it means to die in war. The two poets show very different views on war, as both had very different experiences in war. Rupert Brooke died before he made it to war, his poem highlights the soldier as a hero and glorifies dying in war, in contrast Wilfred Owen shows a grittier side to death in war, as he experienced war first hand and his poem is real and brutalRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen937 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The first poem that I am to analyse is Anthem for Doomed Youth, written by Wilfred Owen. This poem is a sonnet. It has fourteen lines. In this poem, the first and fourth lines rhyme, as do the second and third. The first stanza is mainly about the battlefield, whereas the second stanza is more about the feelings of friends and family back at home. This poem starts off at a quick pace, and then slows down throughout Read MoreAnthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen1378 Words   |  6 PagesWilfred Owen is today recognised as the greatest poet of the first World War, his poetry at the time was considered to be controversial as it revealed the truths behind trench warfare and contradicted popular attitudes at the time. The works of Wilfred Owen, and specifically, the poems of ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ are both successful in powerfully giving a voice to the soldiers of war and conveying the dark and inextricable truth behind war provoking the reader to considerRead MoreAnalysis Of Poem Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen And Trench Duty927 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant factor affecting many people’s lives. The two sonnets â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"Trench Duty† by Siegfried Sassoon are two tal es inspired by their experiences fighting in WW1 and all the horrors that war made them experience. Both poets use different sonnet structures, yet convey quite similar messages. In addition, these poets develop powerful images and metaphors, but in subtly different ways. Sassoon and Owen use structure, imagery and metaphor to show his audience the